Description

🔹 Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) (Ta, T1, or carcinoma in situ – early-stage) Treatment: TURBT (Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor) Intravesical therapy: BCG (preferred for high-risk) Mitomycin C (low- or intermediate-risk) Regular cystoscopy to monitor recurrence 🔹 Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) (T2–T4, but localized to the bladder) Treatment: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin + gemcitabine) Followed by: Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion or Bladder-preserving chemoradiation (for selected patients) 🔹 Locally Advanced or Metastatic Bladder Cancer (Cancer spread beyond the bladder) Treatment: Systemic chemotherapy: Cisplatin-based regimens if eligible Immunotherapy: Checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., pembrolizumab, atezolizumab) Targeted therapy: Erdafitinib (for FGFR alterations) Clinical trials may be considered 🧠 Summary Table Stage Main Treatment Non-muscle invasive (Ta/T1) TURBT + intravesical therapy Carcinoma in situ (CIS) BCG immunotherapy Muscle-invasive (T2–T4) Chemo + cystectomy or chemoradiation Metastatic Systemic chemo, immunotherapy, targeted drugs

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